Biodiesel sustainability: The global impact of potential biodiesel production on the energy–water–food (EWF) nexus

A data-driven model is used to analyse the global effects of biodiesel on energy–water–food (EWF) nexus, and understand complex environmental correlation. Several criteria measure sustainability four main limiting factors for production are discussed in this paper. The includes water stress, food feedstock quantity crude oil price. 155-country covers prices ranging from USD10/bbl USD160/bbl, refinery costs -USD0.30/L USD0.30/L 45 multi-generation feedstocks. capable ascertaining changes arising adoption terms light-duty diesel engine emissions (NO, CO, UHC smoke opacity), stress index (WSI), dietary energy supply (DES), Herfindahl–Hirschman (HHI) short-term security. With addition potential production, renewable sector primary profile can increase by 0.43%, with maximum increment up 10.97% Malaysia. At current price USD75/bbl cost USD0.1/L, only Benin, Ireland Togo produce profitably. also shows that requirement varies non-linearly multi-feedstock as blending ratio increases. Out 155 countries, limited 82 47 price, 20 6 stress. results provide insights governments set policy guidelines, implementing technology a cleaner alternative diesel.